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L'Aube Étoilée's watch institute

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Canada

CAN · North America

Canada

World's second-largest country by area, resource/services economy integrated with the US but seeking diversification amid US protectionism.

compare with…

Data refreshed on 2026.11.04 · source: Wikidata

The Institute's composite reading

Vigilance

3.0 /10 risk

  • Security 0.0
  • Legitimacy 8.4
  • Economy 4.5
  • Diplomacy 7.4
  • Influence 4.6

Security: 0 stable → 10 unstable · others: 0 weak → 10 strong. Computed from V-Dem, FH, CPI, RSF, World Bank, SIPRI, sanctions.

Listings linked to the country by nationality or address: United States 54 (list of 2026.10.27), United Kingdom 4 (list of 2026.11.03), EU 4 (list of 2026.10.23).

Capital
Ottawa
Population
41,000,000 inh.
Area
9,984,670 km²
Currency
CAD
Regime
Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Executive in office

Head of State

Charles III

since 2022.09.08

Head of Government

Mark Carney

since 2025.03.14 Parti libéral du Canada

Government in office · 9 members

ministre des Affaires étrangères

Anita Anand

since 2025.05.13 Parti libéral du Canada Foreign affairs

ministre de la Défense nationale

David McGuinty

since 2025.05.13 Parti libéral du Canada Defence

ministre des Finances

Dominic LeBlanc

since 2024.12.16 Parti libéral du Canada Finance

Minister responsible for Prairies Economic Development Canada

Eleanor Olszewski

since 2025.05.13 Parti libéral du Canada

Ministre de l'Industrie

Mélanie Joly

since 2025.05.13 Parti libéral du Canada

Ministre des Services aux citoyens

Terry Beech

since 2023.07.26 Parti libéral du Canada

ministre de l'Environnement du Canada

Julie Dabrusin

since 2025.05.13 Parti libéral du Canada

ministre des Anciens combattants du Canada

Jill McKnight

since 2025.05.13 Parti libéral du Canada

ministre du Patrimoine canadien

Steven Guilbeault

since 2025.03.14 Parti libéral du Canada

Parliament

Chambre des communes

343 seats

Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Liberal Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Bloc Québécois Bloc Québécois Bloc Québécois Bloc Québécois Bloc Québécois Bloc Québécois Bloc Québécois Bloc Québécois Bloc Québécois Bloc Québécois Bloc Québécois Bloc Québécois Bloc Québécois Bloc Québécois Bloc Québécois Bloc Québécois Bloc Québécois Bloc Québécois Bloc Québécois Bloc Québécois Bloc Québécois New Democratic Party New Democratic Party New Democratic Party New Democratic Party New Democratic Party Green Party of Canada Vacant Vacant Vacant Vacant Vacant Vacant

Chair Francis Scarpaleggia

Inception 1867

  • Liberal Party of Canada 173
  • Conservative Party of Canada 137
  • Bloc Québécois 21
  • New Democratic Party 5
  • Green Party of Canada 1
  • Vacant 6

Composition · Wikipedia (CC BY-SA) · 2026.11.04

Sénat

105 seats

Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Independent Senators Group Progressive Senate Group Progressive Senate Group Progressive Senate Group Progressive Senate Group Progressive Senate Group Progressive Senate Group Progressive Senate Group Progressive Senate Group Progressive Senate Group Progressive Senate Group Progressive Senate Group Progressive Senate Group Progressive Senate Group Progressive Senate Group Progressive Senate Group Progressive Senate Group Progressive Senate Group Canadian Senators Group Canadian Senators Group Canadian Senators Group Canadian Senators Group Canadian Senators Group Canadian Senators Group Canadian Senators Group Canadian Senators Group Canadian Senators Group Canadian Senators Group Canadian Senators Group Canadian Senators Group Canadian Senators Group Canadian Senators Group Canadian Senators Group Canadian Senators Group Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Conservative Party of Canada Government Representative’s Office Government Representative’s Office Government Representative’s Office Government Representative’s Office Government Representative’s Office Non-affiliated Non-affiliated Non-affiliated Non-affiliated Non-affiliated Vacant Vacant Vacant Vacant Vacant Vacant Vacant Vacant Vacant Vacant Vacant

Chair George Furey

  • Independent Senators Group 38
  • Progressive Senate Group 17
  • Canadian Senators Group 16
  • Conservative Party of Canada 13
  • Government Representative’s Office 5
  • Non-affiliated 5
  • Vacant 11

Composition · Wikipedia (CC BY-SA) · 2026.11.04

Economic indicators World Bank · 2025

GDP

2.32 T$

2025 ↑ +2.2 % vs 2024

GDP / capita

55,698 $

2025 ↑ +1.2 % vs 2024

Growth

1.7 %

2025 ↓ -0.3 pt vs 2024

Inflation

2.1 %

2025 ↓ -0.3 pt vs 2024

Unemployment

6.9 %

2025 ↑ +0.6 pt vs 2024

Debt / GDP

64.1 %

2024 ↑ +3.7 pt vs 2023

Defense / GDP

1.6 %

2025 ↑ +0.3 pt vs 2024

Life expectancy

82.1 yrs

2024 ↑ +0.6 % vs 2023

Military bases Institute · Wikipedia

active rotational or scaled down uncertain closed or handed over

Register kept by the Institute, updated 2026.10.08; coordinates and links read from Wikipedia.

Abroad 2

  1. 1

    Multinational Brigade Latvia

    Latvia · Ādaži

    Land · since 2017 · Wikipédia ↗

    Canada leads the brigade; reinforced, permanent presence since 2024.

  2. 2

    Operation Impact

    Kuwait · Base aérienne Ali Al Salem

    Air · since 2014 · Wikipédia ↗

    Rotational

Military capabilities Wikipedia · IISS Military Balance résumés

Active

71 000

Reserve

22 000

Land

  • 82 Leopard 2A4/A4M/A6M Char
  • 600 LAV 6.0 VBM
  • 37 M777 155 mm Artillerie tractée

Air

  • 76 CF-18A/B Hornet Chasseur (vieillissant, transition)
  • — F-35A Lightning II Chasseur 5e gén. (88 commandés, livraisons 2026+)
  • 17 CC-130J Hercules Transport
  • 14 CP-140 Aurora Patrouille maritime

Naval

  • 12 Frégate classe Halifax Frégate
  • 4 Sous-marins classe Victoria Sous-marin (état médiocre)
  • 4 Patrouilleur Arctique classe Harry DeWolf AOPS Arctique
  • — Frégate Type 26 (CSC) Frégate (15 commandées)

Armed forces 127 units listed · Wikidata

Navy 2 Special 6 Army 2 Air Force 4
Show the 127 units · raw Wikidata list, which does not always flag a disbanded unit

Armée

6 Intelligence Company

1993

Flotte

Forces maritimes de l'Atlantique

Flotte

Forces maritimes du Pacifique

Commandement

Canadian Forces Training Command

Commandement

Commandement des Forces d'opérations spéciales du Canada

2006

Commandement

Commandement des forces interarmées du Canada

2025

Division

1re Division du Canada

1939

Division

2e Division du Canada

base des Forces canadiennes Montréal 1915

Division

4e Division du Canada

Toronto 1916

Division

5e Division du Canada

base des Forces canadiennes Halifax 1917

Division

Keyano Theatre Company

Unité forces spéciales

Régiment d'opérations spéciales du Canada

base des Forces canadiennes Petawawa 2006

Brigade

4e Brigade blindée canadienne

Régiment

10th Field Artillery Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery

Régiment

11th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA

Régiment

1st Regiment, RCHA

Régiment

20th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA

Régiment

21e Régiment de guerre électronique

Régiment

26th Field Artillery Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery

Régiment

2nd Regiment, RCHA

Régiment

31 Signal Regiment

Régiment

32 Combat Engineer Regiment

Toronto

Régiment

32 Signal Regiment

Régiment

33 Combat Engineer Regiment

Régiment

33 Signal Regiment

Régiment

34e Régiment du génie de combat

base des Forces canadiennes Montréal

Régiment

36 Combat Engineer Regiment

Régiment

37 Combat Engineer Regiment

Saint-Jean de Terre-Neuve

Régiment

37 Signal Regiment

Régiment

38 Combat Engineer Regiment

Régiment

38 Signal Regiment

Régiment

39 Combat Engineer Regiment

Chilliwack 2008

Régiment

3rd Field Artillery Regiment, RCA

Régiment

41 Signal Regiment

Régiment

41e Régiment du génie de combat

Régiment

42nd Field Artillery Regiment (Lanark and Renfrew Scottish), RCA

Régiment

48th Highlanders of Canada Regimental Memorial

Régiment

4e Bataillon, Royal 22e Régiment (Châteauguay)

Régiment

5th Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery

Régiment

62e Régiment d’artillerie de campagne, ARC

Shawinigan 1946

Régiment

6e Bataillon, Royal 22e Régiment

Régiment

7th/11th Hussars

Régiment

King's Own Calgary Regiment

Régiment

The British Columbia Dragoons

Régiment

The Saskatchewan Dragoons

Bataillon

116th Battalion (Ontario County), CEF

Bataillon

119th (Algoma) Battalion, CEF

Bataillon

120th (City of Hamilton) Overseas Battalion (13th Royal Regiment), CEF

Bataillon

122nd (Muskoka) Battalion, CEF

Bataillon

125th Battalion (1st Overseas Battalion of 38th Regiment Dufferin Rifles), CEF

Bataillon

128th (Moose Jaw) Battalion, CEF

Bataillon

131st (Westminster) Battalion, CEF

Bataillon

132nd Battalion (North Shore), CEF

Bataillon

134th Battalion (48th Highlanders), CEF

Bataillon

14 (Calgary) Service Battalion

Bataillon

143rd Battalion (British Columbia Bantams), CEF

Bataillon

145th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF

Bataillon

147th (Grey) Battalion, CEF

Bataillon

148th Battalion, CEF

Bataillon

150th Battalion (Carabiniers Mont-Royal), CEF

+ 67 more units · Wikidata data

Nuclear posture

OTAN, parapluie nucléaire

Strategic chokepoints 1 control point(s)

  • revendique (eaux intérieures) Passage du Nord-Ouest Conteste les États-Unis · enjeu Arctique

Governance indices V-Dem 2025 · Freedom House 2026 · CPI 2025 · RSF 2026

Democracy (V-Dem)

0.84/1

#16 electoral democracy 2025

Freedoms (Freedom House)

97/100

Free 2026

Corruption (CPI)

75/100

#162025

Press freedom (RSF)

79/100

#202026

Military posture SIPRI · 2025

Global spending rank

#16

SIPRI 2025

Annual budget

37.5 Md$

2025USD constants 2024

Defense effort

1.6 %PIB

2025

Strategic minerals USGS · production / réserves mondiales

  • #1 Potasse 2024
  • #2 Uranium 2024
  • #2 Niobium 2024
  • #5 Or 2024

Trade dependencies OEC · UN Comtrade · 2023

Exports

707 Md$

Imports

642 Md$

Balance

65 Md$

Top exports

  • Pétrole brut 113 Md$
  • Voitures + pièces 67 Md$
  • Or + métaux précieux 25 Md$

Top imports

  • Voitures + pièces 80 Md$
  • Pétrole raffiné 29 Md$

Export partners

Import partners

Diplomatic alignment UNGA 2020-2024 · Bailey-Strezhnev-Voeten

Vote concordance with each power at UN General Assembly.

  • USA 90%
  • GBR 95%
  • FRA 95%
  • DEU 95%
  • RUS 14%
  • CHN 22%
  • ISR 75%

Abstention: 8%

Key treaties UN Treaty Collection · IAEA · ICRC · OPCW

  • ✓

    NPT

    1968 Ratified

  • ✓

    CTBT

    1996 Ratified

  • ✗

    TPNW

    2017 Not party

  • ✓

    Rome Statute

    1998 Ratified

  • ✓

    Genocide

    1948 Ratified

  • ✓

    Geneva

    1949 Ratified

  • ✓

    Ottawa Mine Ban

    1997 Ratified

  • ✓

    Oslo Cluster Munitions

    2008 Ratified

  • ✓

    Arms Trade Treaty

    2013 Ratified

  • ✓

    Paris Agreement

    2015 Ratified

Political calendar Institute · Wikipedia · 2026-11-04

Upcoming

  • 2029-10

    Parliament (at the latest)

Last election

  • 2025-04-28

    House of Commons

    Libéraux (Carney) 169/343 — minoritaire · turnout 68.3%

Society · human UNDP HDI 2023 · World Bank · WID · UNHCR 2025

HDI

0.939/1

#162023

Top 10% (wealth)

58.5 %

WID

Gini

31.5

moderate2022

Refugees hosted

416,028

UNHCR 2025

Refugees originating

360

UNHCR 2025

Disputed recognitions curé éditorial · UN Member States

Recognizes

  • Kosovo

Does not recognize

  • Palestine
  • Crimée russe

National anthem

Ô Canada

Composer · Calixa Lavallée

Alliances and organisations Institut · Wikidata

  • G7
  • G20
  • OTAN
  • USMCA
  • Five Eyes
  • Commonwealth
  • UN
  • OECD
  • WTO
  • OSCE
  • Francophonie (OIF)
  • APEC
  • OAS

Loading news feed…

Global attention Wikipedia · 90 days

The country's Wikipedia article is usually read 12,490 times a day (French and English). On 2026.11.03: 10,970, or ×0.9.

French + English French usual level 2026.08.06 · 2026.11.03 Wikimedia statistics (CC0), human users

Sources and freshness

  • Executive, government, parliament, anthem · Wikidata (CC0) · 2026-11-04
  • Economy · World Bank (CC BY 4.0) · 2025
  • Indices and figures · V-Dem 2026 (OWID) · Freedom House 2026 (OWID) · Transparency International CPI 2025 · RSF 2026 · PNUD IDH 2025 (OWID) · Banque mondiale Gini 2022 · UNHCR 2025 · SIPRI 2026 (OWID) · read on 2026-11-04
  • Memberships · Wikidata (CC0) · 2026-11-04
  • Political calendar · Institute and Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0) · 2026-11-04
  • Sanctions · US Treasury (OFAC), SDN and non-SDN lists · list of 2026-10-27 · read on 2026-11-04
  • Sanctions · United Kingdom, UK Sanctions List (FCDO) · list of 2026-11-03 · read on 2026-11-04
  • Sanctions · European Union, consolidated financial sanctions list · list of 2026-10-23 · read on 2026-11-04
  • Institute dossier (sanctions, treaties, visits, capabilities) · as of 2026-05-01